Impact of Global Epidemiology of Bacterial Infections

Impact of Global Epidemiology of Bacterial Infections BABATUNDE OLUJIMI OLOGUNDE TOPIC: Discuss the impact of vaccination on the global epidemiology of bacterial infections. Bacterial infections are infections transmitted by pathogenic bacteria. Infection occurs when an organism enters into the host and establishes a relationship which may lead to a disease condition. According to (WHO.int/topics/epidemiology/en); most bacteria are harmless or are more or less beneficial while few are pathogenic. WHO noted that pathogenic bacteria contribute to the other globally important diseases such as pneumonia whose etiologic agents could be Streptococcus pneumoniae and Pseudomonas species. Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lungs which affects primarily the microscopic air sacs called alveoli. Typical symptoms include cough, chest pain, fever and difficulty in breathing. (WHO.int/topics/epidemiology/en).For the purpose of this essay I will be talking about pathogenic bacteria. These are the bacteria that cause acute infections depending on their degree of virulence. Epidemiology, according to the British Medical Journal (BMJ) is the study of the frequency of occurrence of diseases among different groups of people. WHO defined epidemiology as the study of the spread and determinants of health related states or events such as disease condition, the application of epidemiology involves various methods investigations, surveillance and descriptive and analytical studies. The information obtained is very useful by both the government and the health Ministry to plan and evaluate ways to prevent such diseases. Also in patient already affected, epidemiological information serves as a guide to their management. Epidemiology helps the health workers to measure the disease outcomes among the population at risk. Vaccination: Prevention and control of bacterial infections can be achieved by vaccination. As the saying goes â€Å"prevention is better than cure†. Prevention includes vaccination as an environmental measure. Vaccination is the administration of antigenic material in order to stimulate the individual’s immune system to develop adaptive immunity to the pathogen. According to centre for Disease Control (CDC); disease prevention is a key to public health. CDC, opined that â€Å"vaccines are responsible for control† of many infectious diseases that were once common around the world. Examples of such diseases are diphtheria, pertusis, tetanus, Haemophilus influenzae and pneumonia. Mode of transmission ranges from mother to foetus, sperm to embryo, among families and social groups (The Marshall Protocol Knowledge Base). MPKB further stated that certain infections such as gonorrhea, influenza and common cold are transmitted through physical contact as in sexual intercourse, and droplets due to coughing and sneezing. Five papers were reviewed in this essay and critically analysed. 1. Maternal tetanus toxoid vaccination and neonatal mortality in rural North. India Singh et al (2012) The above Journal examined the impact of antenatal vaccination in rural India where neonatal mortality ways prevalent. In this paper, Singh et al, (2012) utilized the Indian National family Health Survey (NFHS), and analysed the death rate of singleton births with maternal tetanus vaccination as well as patient attending antenatal clinics being given folic acid and iron. Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani, a Gram – positive bacilli. In their observation, it was noted that part of the factors responsible for high mortality rate was lack of adequate health facility, in the larger poor society of the densely populated India. The paper further observed that there has been improvement in health condition of the rural population partly due to advances in production of vaccines as well as storage and its distribution. As a result of this they have further recorded a higher immunological response (Singh et al, 2012). This paper concluded that in their study of the socio economic aspects of the survey, it is evident that poorer older women rejected the vaccination. Furthermore, religion was also an important factor that militated against the success of the exercise especially Muslims women not only in India but other party of developing country such as Nigeria, Mali, Gambia, etc. (RAM F Singh A (2006). In their paper titled â€Å"is antenatal care effective in improving maternal health in rural ultar predesh?† Lastly, Singh et al (2012) concluded that in spite of the effort of the government through the agency of National Rural Health Mission to avail health care to all; the poor and the marginalized were still not taken care of adequately. 2. Impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination on otitis media – Taylor et al (2012). In this article, the authors Taylor et all aimed to investigate the impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination (PCV) for the protection of patients against acute otitis media (AOM). According to Taylor et al (2012). Acute otitis media (AOM) is among the foremost reasons for frequent hospitalization as well as prescription of antibiotics for young children. AOM is commonly reported among young children especially those within the age 1 – 3 years. The microbial pathogens implicated which account for 70 – 80% of samples collected from middle ear fluid are Streptococcus pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae. The figure below shows observation data base studies in OM rate for years before and after 7 valent PCV introduction in year 2000. Taylor at al observed that it was difficult to find appropriate controls in a well – immunized population. They however noted that OM rates have reduced by approximately 10% as a result of the introduction of 7v CRM on a long term duration. Since Taylor et al (2012) suggested that influences other than the PC, were partly responsible for above 15% reduction, it follows that more research needs to be one to determine other factors that could be responsible for its reduction. 3. Bacterial meningitis: The impact of vaccination Makwana N Riordan FA (2007) In this article, the authors observed that one of the main causes of death among children under the age of 2 years is acute bacterial meningitis, due to the immaturity of their immune response to polysaccharide antigens. Makwana Riordan (2007) noted that as a result of the introduction of Haemophillus influenzae type 6 (Hib) conjugate vaccine there was a dramatic reduction in the occurrence of all invasive Hib diseases and that of meningitis, both in the United Kingdom and United State. However, while developed countries such as the UK and US have conveniently introduced the vaccines, most developing countries are in capacitated due to the huge cost (Makwana Riordan, 2007) 4. Inequity Worldwide; Andre et al (2007) In this article, Andre et al, opined that vaccines are primarily meant to prevent diseases and not necessarily for protection. However some vaccines are also for protection as well as prevention. They noted that in Finland, USA and other places across the globe, influenza vaccination was discovered to serve as protection against diseases related to the main target. They concluded that vaccination has immense benefit which extend beyond mere prevention of specific diseases in the patients. CONCLUSION Vaccination helps both children and adults According to Ranganathen et al. (2009), vaccination against Strept. pneumoniae have good evidence to support their use. The use of vaccine has led to decreased incidence of these infections in adults because many adults acquire infections from children Ranganathen et al. (2009), observed that streptococcal pneumonia vaccine is available for adults and has been found to decrease the risk of invasive pneumococcal disease. In the summary of the article by Andre et al (2007), they opined that a comprehensive vaccination programme is necessary for good public health and this will go a long way in minimizing inequities and poverty globally. In order to globally combat most of not all, these pathogenic bacterial infections, the developed countries would need to come to the aid of the less developed or the developing countries through the agency of WHO. As much as he less privileged countries are willing to be free from the global epidemic, the huge cost of the procurement of the vaccines is a major hindrance as well as religion beliefs especially the Muslim communities in Africa. REFERENCES: The Marshall Protocol Knowledge Base: Autoimmunity Research Foundation Makwana, N Riordan FA; Bacterial meningitis: The impact of vaccination (year) Taylor S, Marchisco P, Vergison A, Harriagne J, Handsdorf WP, Hanggard M; Impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination on otitis media: A systematic review 2012:54 (12):1765 – 73 Sinah A, Pallikadavath S, Ogollah R, Stones W. Maternal Tetanus Toxoid Vaccination and Neonatal mortality in Rural North India. 2012; vol 7: issue 11.

Enola Gay Essay

August 6, 1945 by Alison Fell In the Enola Gay five minutes before impact he whistles a dry tune Later he will say that the whole blooming sky went up like an apricot ice. Later he will laugh and tremble at such a surrender, for the eye of his belly saw Marilyn’s skirts fly over her head for ever On the river bank, bees drizzle over hot white rhododendrons Later she will walk the dust, a scarlet girl with her whole stripped skin at her heel, stuck like an old shoe sole or mermaid’s tail Later she will lie down in the flecked black ash where the people are become as lizards or salamanders and, blinded, she will complain Mother you are late. So late Later in dreams he will look down shrieking and see ladybirds ladybirds Bombing Repetition Simile Female View Personification Alliteraion Male View Pronouns GLOSSARY ‘Enola Gay’: this was the name given to (and painted on) the plane which carried the bomb to Hiroshima. The pilot’s mother was called Enola Gay. ‘Marilyn’s skirts’: there is a famous film clip/still photograph of the American movie star Marilyn Monroe, in which she walks over a pavement air vent and the warm air from it blows the full skirt of her light-coloured dress upwards over her head. ‘drizzle’: this means ‘rain lightly’, but here is used to evoke the way the bees descend, buzzing, on to the flowers. ‘salamanders’: a salamander is a lizard-like amphibian with a smooth skin. In ancient legend salamanders were supposed to be able to live in fire. ‘ladybirds’: there are numerous versions (not all in English) of the nursery rhyme which begins, ‘Ladybird, ladybird, fly away home, Your house is on fire and your children are gone’. There are numerous explanations for it, too. Ladybirds are quite difficult to dislodge, and the rhyme, when recited, was traditionally supposed to induce them to fly off of their own accord.

Why Everyone Is Talking About Essay Ppt Samples and What You Have to Do

Why Everyone Is Talking About Essay Ppt Samples and What You Have to Do Understanding Essay Ppt Samples An essay outline is a group of ideas and ideas related to the subject issue. After you understand what your essay should address, spend a small time brainstorming ideas. Your academic essay should evoke an emotion that is needed to spark different ideas, opinions and other sorts of responses. Always keep in mind that it should be playful it must not bore your audience. Essay Ppt Samples - Is it a Scam? Descriptive Essay on Market can be employed by tourists or visitors that don't have any prior understanding of a marketplace. Sum up all of the information which you have presented so that people are able to identify whether your conclusion has lived up to the content of what you've written. Students are going to have access to information from several sources and significantly lower the overreliance on teachers. 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Life After September 11 - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1626 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/08/16 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: 9/11 Essay Did you like this example? The United States consists of many different races and many different types of people, but our country has the capacity to hold a lot more. Immigration is on the minds of almost all citizens at a time where letting one person in could be the downfall of our country.   Bret Stephens, an opinion columnist from the New York Times wrote an article called Our Real Immigration Problem. He talks about the importance of having completely open borders, and the prolonged benefits of it for our country. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Life After September 11" essay for you Create order America is a country of opportunity and no matter what race, anyone can be beneficial. Immigrants are striving for the American Dream, and everyone that comes to this country can be a part of something while being beneficial to our country.   Although I am an opponent to open borders for everyone, it is necessary to understand that not everyone shares the same opinion as I do. Opponents to strict immigration, such as Bret Stephens, believe that opening our borders will be extremely beneficial to the country if all terrorists and criminals stay out (Stephens).   At a time where immigration is a main focal point in our society, congress is split on what do with an immigration bill. Both Republicans and Democrats are split in congress on whether to have more open borders or keep them closed. The Trump administration had been forcibly separating migrant Latin American children from their parents causing a moral outrage within the community (Stephens). The Republicans are endlessly trying to pass a comprehensive immigration bill, so they can solve the immigration crisis (Stephens). The country needs real immigration reform, so it can solve many problems that immigrants face when trying to get citizenship. This comes at an act of decency toward so called dreamers brought to this country as children by their undocumented parents (Stephens). The real problem that is emphasized in the article is that, our country needs more immigrants. The percentage of our population that consists of legal immigrants is extremely low, making it very wise and benefi cial to allow a lot more immigrants in. Those immigrants have dreams just like all Americans, causing for many of them to be very successful and have steady jobs throughout their time here. They can support and make our country better off than it ever has been. Fewer and fewer children are being born every day due to the values that our society has about one another (Stephens). The article brings up multiple different facts about immigration and the effect it has on our country. One of them stating that The U.S. fertility rate has fallen to a record low. In May, The Times reported that women had nearly 500,000 fewer babies than in 2007, despite the fact that there were an estimated 7 percent more women in their prime childbearing years. (Stephens). Having a decline in child births means fewer and fewer Americans who can hold jobs and support the country. The change in child birth over the years will end up causing issues in the workforce, making it necessary to have immigrants come in and fill many of those positions. Many immigrants make just as good of citizens because of their drive for success. Not only are fewer Americans being born, but Americans in general are getting older.   As our country progresses, and our health services get better every single day, it becomes very easy to live over the age of sixty-five. Once someone becomes over that age, they dont contribute to society as much because of retirement causing a need for others to fill in. Immigrants are some of the best employees who work just as hard (Stephens). Americans are getting older, there were more than forty million Americans over the age of sixty-five in 2010 and that number is continuously rising (Stephens). By 2050 the number will be closer to 90 million, or an estimated 22.1 percent of the population (Stephens). This will be a rising concern in the near future and one way to combat that is by letting immigrants in who believe in the same values that we value on a daily basis. Mostly everyone that is let inside of our borders has the American dream inspired into them which translates over into our labor industries.   Our country is falling short in participation for many different industries, as well as having much of small town/rural community emptying out. There is immense amount of job opportunities available from farming to high skilled jobs which are able to fill the needs of many immigrants that want to come here. The Federal Reserve has stated multiple labor shortages in many different industries, one of them being the farm industry, where nearly 20% of its participants were lost from 2002 – 2014 (Stephens). This accounts for a three-billion-dollar loss in revenue a year, which could be solved by allowing immigrants of all types to take that role (Stephens). Much of rural America is emptying out, which is seen in many rural counties where more people are dying rather than being born (Stephens). This is a major reason why the farming industry is losing ample amounts of participants each year. The drive and determination embodied in a lot of immigrants can solve the problem of our sma ll towns emptying out. The American Values of drive and determination are evident in the lives of outsiders and they would make an incredible fit to much of America that is frowned upon, rural America. There is a major shortage of people in rural America, and our population of immigrants is low compared to other countries.   Other countries around the world dont have the major conflictions that we do about immigration. Because of our intense immigration laws, it is hard to have a high population of immigrants and that is evident. The immigrant share (including the undocumented) of the U.S. population is not especially large: About 13.5 percent, high by recent history but below its late 19th century peak of 14.8 percent. In Israel, the share is 22.6 percent; in Australia, 27.7 percent (Stephens). Compared to other countries, most of our population consists of true Americans born here. Millions of people have a very tough time making it here from other countries, even though they have the same values and same intentions as every single American.   Of all the people inside our country, the citizens that convey the values of true freedom and democracy are the immigrants who werent born here to begin with. Those immigrants legal or otherwise are more entrepreneurial, more church-going, less likely to have kids out of wedlock, and far less likely to commit a crime (Stephens). These are some characteristics that millions of immigrants convey on a daily basis. They care about waking up every day with more than they had before. They have the drive and determination to be successful in any type of job or position and that is evident by each person going through the process of citizenship. It is easy to be born here and take everything for granted, but it is very hard for someone to lack those skills when they grew up somewhere else striving to do so much more. America is a country of opportunity and there are millions of more people that look to come here and achieve that opportunity whether it means working in a grocery store or work ing with a high-ranking firm in a major city.   As Bret Stephens goes through the article focusing on the importance of Immigration and how beneficial it is to our country, it is safe to say that he is targeting skeptical conservatives. In his underlying beliefs of immigrants achieving the American dream and that all immigrants can be beneficial, he is trying to prove to skeptical conservatives to switch their values on this sensitive topic. He wants these people to understand the values of immigrants and what they can be to this country, so they can show a greater appreciation for liberal values. Bret Stephens has the ability to convince millions of people about the opportunities available for aspiring citizens.  Ã‚   We are living in a country with immense amounts of opportunity and there is plenty of room for a lot more people. Whether it be based on American birth rates, the number of older citizens already, labor shortages, or the lowering number of citizens in small towns, it is necessary to have immigrants who can fulfill the duties of many Americans in a more effective way.   Even though I dont believe in having open borders for all, it is completely in my best interests and everyones to understand the importance millions of immigrants can have on our country because of their beliefs and actions. The article written by Bret Stephens shows the underlying characteristics that most immigrants possess. These people are firm believers in our democracy and freedom that we convey daily, as well as the determination and dedication. They are exemplary examples of what a true American should be and there is plenty of room in our country for them. The immigration laws set in place are outrageous to all the law-abiding people aspiring to be citizens and it is necessary to take them away because of the strong American beliefs immigrants have engrained inside of them. If the select few terrorists and criminals were abolished from this world, open borders would be the most important aspect to our success as a country (Stephens). They could make a change for the better and fulfil most of Americas values better than many natural born citizens. Each immigrant is capable of achieving the American dream and they are all extremely useful to the United States. Bibliography Stephens, Bret. Our Real Immigration Problem. The New York Times, The New York Times, 21 June 2018, www.nytimes.com/2018/06/21/opinion/trump-immigration-reform.html?register=emailauth=register-email.

Gender And Gender Stereotypes - 1150 Words

Gender stereotypes are fallacious claims that seem to be inevitable. Labels on individuals create many barriers for their progress in their everyday lives. Aside from assaults of all kinds and being demoted on a regular basis, women are treated unfairly and are seen in a dominant position for stereotypical matters. Jobs and hard work seem to be male dominated fields only. Though they do get pushed down in certain circumstances, it is not as nearly as much as women do. Gender discrimination influences one’s mind to believe that gender is a factor in one’s value and the problem seems to be persistently extending. Women deal with all kinds of obstacles thrown their way, and even when they are put in the same position as men, they are†¦show more content†¦Throughout my career, I have also watched men being groomed for management because of the perception that they have a ‘career’ while women have only a ‘job.’ And I have observed that wome n do have to produce better work to be as visible as men and to be evaluated and rewarded equally,† (Hynes). Women can do the same job as men, but a mans work will always be seen or presented as more advanced. In order for a woman and their work to be seen or treated as equally as a man, they have to go to a further extent and put in extra effort whereas a man can just do whats expected and still be ranked as the highest. Stereotypes truly place another set of eyes to ones perception of gender roles which affects and limits the potential of those discriminated to be who they want or do what they want. Women genuinely understand and go through these barriers when they attempt to be something great but the trend of following these misapprehensions seems to never go out of style. Although a majority of gender discrimination is on females, and though it may be difficult to see in certain cases, men deal with stereotyped obstacles along their way as well. In the article, â€Å"Man Troubles: Making Sense of the Mens Movement† by Cathy Young, she states, â€Å"In a Georgia court recently, a father who stated at a hearing on support payments that the child was with him nearly half the time was told, ‘Its admirable that you want to spend timeShow MoreRelatedGender Stereotypes : Gender And Stereotypes Essay1973 Words   |  8 PagesGender stereotypes emerge across time and throughout different cultures and typically they are ascribed to individuals in order to conform to sociocultural ideas and biological norms (Johnston Diekman, 2015). This behaviour is often influenced upon individual s in the earliest stages of life when a infant is not yet capable of expressing his or her own preferences in terms of gender identity, leaving the young child s pare nts and other adults to choose for them (Pomerleau, et al., 1990).Read MoreGender, Gender And Gender Stereotypes1582 Words   |  7 PagesThere are multiple examples and instances where the object of a joke has something to do with gender and gender stereotypes. These types of jokes seem to take center stage at any comedy performance or routine, and the audience loves it. Gender in association with humor brings up a great deal of questions. Do males and females see humor differently? Are there any similarities in the way the sexes view humor? And is there any truth to the thought that humans enjoy crass humor more than other typesRead MoreGender, Stereotypes, And Stereotypes Essay1434 Words   |  6 Pagesgiven rules. We are taught that straying away from stereotypes is anything but good and encouraged to build our lives upon only these social rules. Recently, stereotypes based on genders have been put into the limelight and have become of high interest to a generation that is i nfamously known for deviating from the established way of life. Millennials have put gender roles under fire, deeming it a form of segregation and discrimination by gender. Researchers have followed suit. Mimicking millennialRead MoreGender Stereotypes1352 Words   |  6 Pagesname of Tyler. I am a walking victim of Gender Stereotyping. 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The textbook definition of gender stereotyping follows the ideal of overgeneralizing characteristics and attributes of a person solely based on the gender of the person without viewing them as an individual (Nobullying.com). From the moment new parents find out the sex of their child, gender stereotyping beings. Typically, most little girls are dressed up in pink frilly outfits with nurseriesRead MoreGender Roles And Gender Stereotypes Essay1449 Words   |  6 PagesProspectus: Gender roles and gender stereotypes in advertising My position: I believe advertisements that reinforce female gender roles and stereotypes are damaging to society. 2. Non-favorable Incidents: The examination of the â€Å"Victoria’s Secret† ad for a line of undergarments labeled â€Å"The Showstopper.† The headline is â€Å"Show nothing but your shape,† and the image is a thin woman with big breasts staring seductively. The image clearly sets a tone that this is what is a stand of ideal beauty. AndRead MoreGender Stereotypes And Gender Roles1241 Words   |  5 PagesWe will never be able to control how gender stereotypes are formed. Gender roles were naturally created as a result of human evolution and the different modes of living that were adopted by humans. Humans, however remain the driving force behind reinforcing gender roles and stereotypes with different mediums. Such as television, art, and writing. In order to understand how gender is portrayed in contemporary American comedy this paper will analyze the characters from the television show, It’s AlwaysRead MoreGender Stereotypes And Gender Roles954 Words   |  4 Pages Gender can be a hot topic within cultures; a male or female does not want to be told that they can or cannot do something based on their gender. Every culture views gender roles differently, and some cultures are more serious about gender than others. Many times, male and female actions are determined by what a person has been taught is right; furthermore, gender roles are a set of societal norms that are the behaviors that a sex is generally known to do and what is considered accepted of a person

The Key to Successful Grade 6 Descriptive Essay Samples

The Key to Successful Grade 6 Descriptive Essay Samples It is possible to also find a variety of discounts on our site which will help you to save some more money for future orders or anything you want to spend them on. Sample essays of this sort cannot offer you a complete breakdown of information and abilities which are going to be related to your tutor's requirements and the program. Samples supply you with a chance to secure closer to the style and structure that's usually appreciated by tutors. Our experts are always prepared to provide necessary academic assistance with any sort of work, irrespective of the difficulty level! What You Need to Do About Grade 6 Descriptive Essay Samples Before It Is Too Late Whether or not you're in high school or in college, you'll surely find at least one which is well suited for you. Otherwise, you're likely to receive a very low grade. Check on the very first class. It looks like every student has written descriptive essay My Best Friend one or more times in her or his life. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about an approaching deadline. Some students spend hours brainstorming ideas about how to begin. Students in high school and college are anticipated to demonstrate a high degree of creativity and to go deeper in the topic they have chosen. You may also read your essay to other individuals to obtain their feedback. By looking at great sample descriptive paragraphs, you will have the ability to acquire a notion of what a very good essay resembles. Since you may see, this structure works particularly well whenever the topic of your essay is an object. Contrary to other objective essays it not only provides the huge picture but in addition provides the inside specifics of the situation. There's nobody approach to teach descriptive writing. A descriptive essay is a kind of essay which aims at assisting you to illustrate so mething to your reader in a manner which they can see, feel, or hear what it is you are speaking about. Likewise, it has to be logically complete and express a particular idea. By this time, you probably get the concept that the style choice for your descriptive essay is really open. Our writers try their very best to think of interesting thoughts and share them with you. Becoming creative and descriptive can on occasion be a challenge. When you must consider many peculiarities, it's tricky to consider all of them while writing especially once you have tight deadlines and much work to do. 30 write excellent narratives, 2017. Descriptive Essay on Market can be employed by tourists or visitors that don't have any prior understanding of a marketplace. A descriptive essay conclusions should supply the reader with a mental picture of a specific matter. The structure of this kind of essay is comparable to numerous others it should incorporate an introduction, a major part and a conclusion. The One Thing to Do for Grade 6 Descriptive Essay Samples Before writing, you've got to understand the subject of your essay! Among the most well-known forms of essays it is crucial to grasp how to write one. Your essay has to be minimum 500 words. If you don't know anything about descriptive essays you should certainly start looking for descriptive essay examples, which you'll be able to discover online, together with at Professays.com. On our page you may find a lot of examples of descriptive writing and several other essays on several different topics. When writing an essay, it's appropriate not to deal with reader. The reader should have the notion of the entire essay from the introduction. Grade 6 Descriptive Essay Samples - Overview As you begin writing more descriptive essays, be certain you paint a photo of your character. The absolute most beautiful painting which you have seen 8. Writing a fantastic descriptive essay is basically giving a comprehensive explanation of a specific feature or phenomenon. Imagine you have an assignment of writing a very good descriptive essay. Writing of the descriptive essay can be very challenging. Mastering the intricacies of descriptive writing can help you paint an image with words.

Implementing Corporate Social Responsibilities

Question: 1. Compare Normative and Descriptive Ethics, and illustrate with some examples of their applications in human resources management policy or practice. 2. As a new HR graduate, your line manager recently told you the following statement. It is easier to evaluate a middle-ranking managers better behaviour than her/his good behaviour. Discuss the above statement. 3. Discuss the relative significance of cultural, economic and political factors that influence the development of sustainability reporting.4. Shir Pte Limited is a family-owned manufacturing company in Singapore. Its recent corporate strategy is to achieve corporate sustainability. Critically discuss some key issues faced by Shir in developing its sustainability programme. 5. Corporate governance has been developed with different approaches. Many people prefer the principles-based approach over the rules-based approach in developing a corporate governance system. Explain these two approaches and discuss their advantages and disadvantages. 6. In order to improve corporate governance many countries (including Singapore) have recommended businesses to establish committees (e.g., audit committees, remuneration committees) under the board of directors and delegate specific tasks to these committees as a suitable mechanism. Critically evaluate the effectiveness of these specialist board committees. Answer: Introduction Corporate Social Responsibility is a concept of management where the organizations integrate the environmental and social concerns in their business. It is a self regulatory corporate body that is integrated within every business model of the organization. The CSR has its own policies that the business monitors and ensures that it is bounded within laws, international norms and ethics (Cannon, 2012). The issues that are included within the CSR are the engagement of the stakeholders, standards of the labors, employment rules, human rights, social equity and anti corruptive measures. Adoption of CSR within the organizations gives the organization an added advantage in the competitive market (Eabrasu, 2012).This assignment will be dealing with normative and descriptive ethics in the management policy of the human resource department along with importance of economy, politics and culture for sustainability. In addition to this, the principle based approach along with rules- based approac h will also be discussed. Comparing Normative and Descriptive ethics and giving examples for their application in HR management policy The normative ethics takes into account the principles, theories and rules that help to guide the judgment and action of an individual. According to Lhdesmki (2012) it is a study of behaving ethically and helps in determining what is right and what is wrong. On the other hand, descriptive ethics which is also known as comparative ethics is a study that depends on the belief of the people on the basis of morality. Otubanjo (2012) had a view that the normative ethics takes into account the creation and evaluation of the moral standards. So, we can say that it can be an effort to evaluate and analyze the doings of the people and whether the present moral behavior is answerable for that. In contrast to this, Trong Tuan (2012) commented on the descriptive ethics that it simply describes how the individuals are behaving and the moral standards they are following. In addition to this, normative ethics are those ethics which an individual follows because it enhances well being and limits the suffering. On the other hand, Cumming and Chakrabarti (2014) had a view that the descriptive ethics helps the individuals in making decisions that brings pleasure and happiness and avoid pain to a great extent. According to Glavas (2012) the normative ethics includes the moral philosophy and the descriptive ethics integrate researches from the fields of psychology, anthropology, sociology and history. In the HR department, both these normative ethics as well as descriptive ethics are followed in their policies. This is because; the business ethics have both normative and descriptive ethics incorporated within the organization for a better workplace Chan and Cheung (2011). The HR department of the organization includes the recruitment, selection, performance appraisal, health and safety issues, industrial relations and training and development. In every domain of these activities, both the descriptive and normative ethics are present and are closely knitted to another to make the HR policies fair enough to the employees. In addition to this, the discrimination and gender biasness also needs to be minimized as possible (Devereaux et al. 2012). The HR department needs to in keep in mind the morals and ethics before conducting any action since a wrong step can change the life of an individual or a group as well as the working culture within the organization. Discussion of the advice of line manager to HR graduate The better behavior of the middle ranking manager means that the manager will be helping the employees in understanding he laws and policies of the company and work profile of the employees along with helping and assisting the employees for achieving it. On the other hand, the good behavior depicts the managers in saying out the rules and regulations of the company and the job profile (dela Rama, 2011). The line manager through the commented statement made it easy for the employee to understand that the better behavior of the middle lie employees is always better than the good behavior. This is because if the line manager will be pleased to see the work of the employees, he/ she will try to assist the employee in better understanding the job role. Significance of cultural, political and economic factors that help in influencing the sustainability of the company Cultural Factor- One of the most important factors that help in influencing the sustainability of the organization is the cultural and social factor. Lee (2012) had a view that the culture within the organization is essential in generating value from sustainability. It is essential for a company to include suitable culture within the organization to make the workplace suitable and employee friendly. If it is seen within the organization, the employees, managers and higher official are maintaining the codes of ethics in their business, then that organization reaches a higher level of success and sustainability (Perkins, 2012). This is because, the employees as well as the customers are happy with the company and its products and services. Moreover a good organizational culture increases the productivity and reduces conflicts which is an ultimate gain to the organization and helps it to stay sustainable in the competitive market. Political Factor- The political factor is another important factor that helps in influencing the sustainability of the company. The political factors includes the regulatory tax rates, fair trading, maintaining global standards of business and getting the right prices. According to Walters and Anagnostopoulos (2012) maintaining all these factors gives the organization a level of sustainability in this highly complicated and competitive market place. In addition to this a stable political situation prevailing within the organization increases the productivity to a considerable rate and decreases the political conflicts with as well as outside the organization (Cressy et al. 2012). This helps the organization in attaining a competitive advantage over other companies. Economic Factor- Another important factor that helps the organization in reaching sustainability is the economic condition of the organization. The organization initially needs to make a budget regarding the working capital, assets and liabilities of the company (Fairbrass and Zueva-Owens, 2011). This also includes the manufacturing and production costs, advertising costs, promotional costs and after sales maintenance cost. In addition to this, the economic factors also include the rate of inflation of the country, GDP, import and export taxes. Jo and Harjoto (2011) commented on the fact that analyzing the above mentioned factors helps in understanding the present economic condition of the organization and its future condition on the basis of sustainability. It is essential for every company to have a strong financial backbone o compete with its rivalries and competitors but in the most ethical way. This increases the brand value of the company in the eyes of the customers and employ ees. Key issues faced by Shir Pte Limited in developing and achieving its sustainability program Shir Pte Limited is a family based manufacturing company in Singapore having its corporate strategy is achieving corporate sustainability. The key issues faced by Shir Pte Limited in developing and achieving sustainability program are discussed below- Environmental issue- Since, Shir Pte limited is a manufacturing company; it should have some responsibility towards the environment. Initially, the company never used to treat the waste products before disposing them which lead to the problem in achieving sustainability. According to Saka and Oshika (2014) since it is a manufacturing company, while manufacturing and producing products the waste materials are produced. These need to be treated properly before disposing them. This process helps in reducing the emission of carbon monoxide and other harmful gases into the environment. Schneider and Meins (2011) commented on the fact that this baby step leads to the decrease in global warming to a small extent. This will help the company in attaining and achieving the corporate sustainability to an extent. Cultural issue Initially within the company, the employees and workers faced a huge problem regarding the workplace culture. The HR department used to stay biased towards some employees and workers which resulted in small spats between the employees, workers and higher officials. Kolstad (2012) had a view that in order to achieve a good culture within the company, the HR department and other higher officials need to unbiased and treat every employee and worker equally. Lecomte and Ooi (2012) commented on the fact that the employees and workers compensation plans, performance appraisals and incentives need to be totally based on the performance of the employees and workers. This will result in higher productivity and satisfaction among the employees and workers. Through this, a good and a healthy culture will be prevailing within the company thereby helping the company to achieve its sustainability program successfully. Economic issue The Company has to know about the economic condition of the company and fix a budget on the basis of it. According to Chan and Cheung (2011) this is essential because, budgeting includes the assets, liabilities, other working capitals manufacturing cost and distribution costs. The costs that will be incurred for these processes needs to be fixed and budgeted to see the position of the company. In addition to this, Glavas (2012) commented that this will even consider the profits earned by the company from the customers. This will help in analyzing the position of the company and its economic situation which will help in attaining corporate sustainability. Health issue According to Kolstad (2012) the health issue needs to be concerned and taken care of as one of the fundamental duty of the organization. This is because, a company can reach its sustainability if it is seen that the employees and works working within the company are in good health. Lee (2012) also commented on the fact that the work place has to be hygienic and the machines need to checked and maintained regularly in order to maintain the safety within the organization. This is because; a safe organization will attract the employee and workers to work effectively and efficiently leading to increase in productivity. This will earn a good profit to the organization and will also make the company reach a level of prestige among the employees and workers. Principle- based approach in Corporate governance The principles can be raised at any time and have no least regularity of practice. In Principle-based approach in Corporate Governance, the principles are set in order to influence a huge community (Perkins, 2012). It is so made that the company sticks to the spirit of the code of conduct rather than sticking to letter of code of conduct. The advantages of principle based approach are discussed below- Since the directors get involved directly to the current situation of the company, the report should be more significant based on the details that are specified (Jo and Harjoto, 2011). The codes and policies can be changed easily and according to the constitutional requirements since this is quite a flexible approach. According to Fairbrass and Zueva-Owens (2011) this refers to that the codes of conducts can be easily changed and modified according to the changing environment and expectations of the shareholders. In addition to this, Devereaux et al. (2012) had a view that the principle based approach always encourages the higher officials and directors for following the spirit of the code of conduct of the company. The disadvantages of principle based approach are discussed below- According to Eabrasu (2012) the principle based approach is mainly created and modified by the directors and higher officials. Therefore it is difficult for them to evaluate and analyze whether they are meeting the precise requirements and necessities of the code of conduct. In addition to this, Trong Tuan (2012) had a view that principle based approach sometimes tends to make meaningless and unambiguous statements. Rules- based approach in corporate governance This kind of approach mainly focuses on the written codes of conducts of the company rather than focusing on the spirit of the codes of conduct (Cumming and Chakrabarti, 2014). This approach is not so flexible and cannot be changed or modified according to the will of the directors and higher officials. The advantages of the rule based approach are given below- According to Lecomte and Ooi (2012) it helps in improving the corporate governance all the way through audit committees. This is because it helps in building up a healthy relationship between the audit firms and companies. In addition to this, Schneider and Meins (2011) also help in improving the external audit of the companies as well as increase the internal control with the company. The disadvantages of the rule based approach are given below- This approach encourages the people who play games with the rules for finding out the loopholes within the rules (Otubanjo, 2012). This may also lead to reduction in responsibility of the directors and higher officials of the companies to handle the current situations of the company and act accordingly (Cressy et al. 2012). Effectiveness of audit committees in improving corporate governance Now days, the audit committee is believed to have became an important part in Corporate governance and therefore has received publicity gobally. According to Saka and Oshika (2014) the Audit Committee is so set up to help the board of directors in reviewing the effectiveness of internal control, risk management system and financial reporting system. The Audit committee is responsible for reporting the conduct and performance of the management system to the board of directors and can make certain recommendations for improvement of the performance of the organization. In addition to this Lhdesmki (2012) had commented on the fact that the audit committee is dependent on the information given by the internal audit, external audit and management. This helps in a vivid discussion with the important parties that include matters of the financial statements, risk management system and financial reporting. Effectiveness of remuneration committees in improving corporate governance The remuneration committee plays a significant role in improvement of the corporate governance. According to Walters and Anagnostopoulos (2012) it ensures an objective approach towards the management and acts under the entrusted authority for giving an independent authority on the executive pay. In addition to this, the remuneration committee presents the remuneration framework and takes into account the overall cost to the board. Moreover dela Rama (2011) had commented that they are also responsible for setting the remuneration level and structure within the remit for every executive. It also is responsible in defining the company policy on the retirement schemes and also oversees the operation of any kind of long term incentive schemes. Conclusion This assignment deals with a vivid illustration about the normative ethics and descriptive ethics and their applications in the human resource departments for making policies. In addition to this discussion on the influence of cultural, economic and political factors for developing the sustainability is done. A case study regarding the Shir Pte Limited in attaining the corporate sustainability is also discussed vividly. The factors such as economic, health issues, cultural and environmental issues are discussed that will help the company in attaining corporate sustainability. Moreover, the principle based approach and rule based approach in developing a corporate governance system is also discussed along with the advantages and disadvantages. The effectiveness and activities of the remuneration committee and audit committee is also discussed for the improvement of corporate governance. Reference List Books Cressy, R., Cumming, D. and Mallin, C. 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